The Difference Between “Can” and “May” – A Comprehensive Guide for English Learners
Many English learners struggle with the difference between “can” and “may”. While they are sometimes used interchangeably in casual conversation, they have distinct meanings and uses in formal English. This guide will explain their differences, provide examples, and clarify common misconceptions.
1. Basic Definitions
- “Can” refers to ability or possibility.
- “May” refers to permission or uncertainty.
2. Key Differences
| Aspect | “Can” | “May” |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Meaning | Ability or capability | Permission or possibility |
| Example (Ability) | “I can swim.” (I have the ability to swim.) | Not used for ability. |
| Example (Permission) | Informal: “Can I go to the bathroom?” | Formal: “May I go to the bathroom?” |
| Example (Possibility) | “It can rain tomorrow.” (It is possible.) | “It may rain tomorrow.” (There is a chance.) |
3. When to Use “Can”
“Can” is used in the following cases:
- Expressing ability: “She can speak three languages.”
- Indicating possibility: “This app can help you learn faster.”
- Informal requests (permission): “Can I borrow your pen?” (Common in spoken English.)
4. When to Use “May”
“May” is used in the following cases:
- Asking for permission (formal): “May I leave early today?”
- Granting permission: “You may enter now.”
- Expressing uncertainty: “He may arrive late.”
5. Common Mistakes and Clarifications
- Mistake: Using “can” for formal permission.
Correction: In formal writing or polite requests, use “may.” (“May I have a glass of water?”) - Mistake: Using “may” to express ability.
Correction: Use “can” for ability. (“She can play the piano.”) - Mistake: Confusing “may” and “might” for possibility.
Clarification: “May” suggests a higher likelihood than “might.” (“It may rain” vs. “It might rain.”)
6. Practical Examples in Context
- Ability: “Birds can fly, but penguins cannot.”
- Permission (Formal): “May I use your phone?”
- Permission (Informal): “Can I sit here?”
- Possibility: “If you study hard, you may pass the exam.”
7. Summary of Key Takeaways
- Use “can” for ability or informal permission.
- Use “may” for formal permission or uncertainty.
- In formal writing, prefer “may” when asking for permission.
- Both can express possibility, but “may” is more formal.
By understanding these distinctions, English learners can communicate more precisely and appropriately in different contexts.