The Difference Between “Backward” and “Backwards”: A Comprehensive Guide for English Learners
Many English learners struggle with the difference between “backward” and “backwards”. While they are often used interchangeably, there are subtle distinctions in their usage depending on dialect and context. This guide will explore their meanings, grammatical roles, and regional preferences.
1. Definitions and Core Meanings
Both words generally mean “in the reverse direction” or “toward the back.” However:
- Backward (adjective/adverb) – Often used in American English for both meanings.
- Backwards (adverb) – More common in British English when used as an adverb.
2. Grammatical Usage
As an Adverb:
- Backward (US preferred): “He walked backward.”
- Backwards (UK preferred): “He walked backwards.”
As an Adjective:
- Only “backward” is correct: “a backward glance” (both US & UK).
3. Regional Differences
| Usage | American English | British English |
|---|---|---|
| Adverb | Primarily “backward” | Primarily “backwards” |
| Adjective | “Backward” only | “Backward” only |
4. Idiomatic and Figurative Uses
- “Bend over backward(s)” – Both forms acceptable, meaning to make a great effort.
- “Backward thinking” – Only “backward” correct (adjective form).
- “Know something backward(s)” – Both acceptable, meaning to know thoroughly.
5. Common Mistakes to Avoid
- ❌ “She took a backwards step.” → Should be “backward” (adjective form).
- ❌ “The system is working backwards.” → In US English, “backward” is preferred.
6. Tips for Learners
- In American English, default to “backward” unless using an idiom like “know backwards.”
- In British English, use “backwards” for adverbs and “backward” for adjectives.
- When in doubt, “backward” is safer as it’s accepted in both forms globally.
7. Historical and Etymological Notes
The “-s” in “backwards” is a vestige of Old English genitive adverbs (like “towards,” “afterwards”). Over time, American English simplified many such forms, while British English retained the “-s” endings more frequently.
8. Examples in Context
American English: “She glanced backward before turning the corner.”
British English: “He counted backwards from ten.”
Adjective (both dialects): “The backward movement was unexpected.”